Risk factors

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Hearts and hormones: what’s the impact of hormonal contraception and HRT on cardiovascular risk?

The impact of female hormones on cardiovascular risk is a hot issue. Many nurses working in the NHS, including in general practice, are aged 50 or older. This means that there is a strong possibility that some of us may be experiencing menopausal symptoms, along with our patients. In this article, we look at the use of hormonal therapies at the time of the menopause, with particular reference to cardiovascular risk. We will also touch on the use of oral contraception and associated cardiovascular factors.

Vascular Risk Checks in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

C-reactive Protein (CRP): an Emerging Marker of Cardiovascular Risk

The major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) include high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia,diabetes, and smoking, all of which can be managed with lifestyle and therapeutic interventions. C-reactive protein is emerging as a useful new risk marker.

Metabolic Syndrome: a Cluster of Risk Factors

The metabolic syndrome is characterised by a cluster of metabolic risk factors which may include abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure and insulin resistance or glucose intolerance. Patients with this cluster are at increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The dominant underlying risk factors for the syndrome are abdominal obesity and insulin resistance – so the epidemic of obesity means that we will be seeing a major increase in cases of metabolic syndrome over the next few years. Management requires tight control of all risk factors, with weight loss and prevention of weight gain being important preventive measures.

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